Right on, which is why I clarified my language to be they "infer" octane, though it must be said FFV vehicles go a step further and actually do have ethanol content sensors in line. Which can also be purchased aftermarket. Stuff you already know probably, just clarifying.
As for Dyno numbers... hard to come by because any difference in a NA stock motor would be so small it would be difficult to attribute to that vs. other variances. Also not all vehicles react the same so generalizations cannot be made. And if its not same motor on same dyno in same conditions, any comparisons are worthless.
The best I've seen on this where they tried to control the variables as much as possible (e.g. same exact vehicles on same exact dynos under same exact conditions) was a Car and Driver article years ago:
We tested higher octane fuel than manufacturers require on the Honda CR-V, BMW M5, Ford F-150, and Dodge Charger to see if it impacted acceleration or MPG.
www.caranddriver.com
Among the engines tested were the 5.7 Hemi in a Charger and a 3.5 EcoBoost in an F150.
The results were essentially that while the dyno may detect a few more ponies on SOME engines, they dont translate into any real-world difference in performance. Except on the turbo F150, which I can tell you only becomes more apparent with custom tuning.
Curiously there is a single-sentence anecdote in this article about the old Honda 3.0 V6 making less power on premium than regular in a 2001 version of this test, so... idk.
Here's the 2001 article, which does an even better job explaining the fundamentals:
Is premium fuel worth the premium price? Can you hurt a high-octane car by running it on the cheaper stuff?
www.caranddriver.com